This final category involves the foundational aspects or basic skills with which all the other factors interact to nourish user efficacy or confidence.
These are seven core skills that are generally impactful to users’ ability to learn:
- Familiarity with subject matter
- Literacy (both understanding and generating)
- Verbal articulation and comprehension
- Technology comfortability
- Self awareness
Research
[121] Albert Bandura. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological review, 84(2):191, 1977.
[122] Elizabeth A Linnenbrink and Paul R Pintrich. The role of self-efficacy beliefs in student engagement and learning in the classroom. Reading &Writing Quarterly, 19(2):119–137, 2003.
[123] Steven C Schwering and Maryellen C MacDonald. Verbal working memory as emergent from language comprehension and production. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 14:68, 2020.
[124] Elsie Anderberg. The relation between language and thought revealed in reflecting upon words used to express the conception of a problem. Lund University, 1999.
[125] Chih-Hsuan Wang, David M Shannon, and Margaret E Ross. Students’ characteristics, self-regulated learning, technology self-efficacy, and course outcomes in online learning. Distance Education, 34(3):302–323, 2013.
[126] Imran Mehboob Shaikh, Ahmed Alsharief, Hanudin Amin, Kamaruzaman Noordin, and Junaid Shaikh. Inspiring academic confidence in university students: perceived digital experience as a source of self-efficacy. On the Horizon: The International Journal of Learning Futures, 31(2):110–122, 2023.
[127] José Hanham, Chwee Beng Lee, and Timothy Teo. The influence of technology acceptance, academic self-efficacy, and gender on academic achievement through online tutoring. Computers & Education, 172:104252, 2021.
[128] Hepu Deng. Emerging patterns and trends in utilizing electronic resources in a higher education environment: An empirical analysis. New library world, 111(3/4):87–103, 2010.